Slowly gathering energy (Image: Pascal Boegli/Getty)
High-energy LHC plans held up by UFOs and electron clouds
High-energy LHC plans held up by UFOs
and electron clouds
By Jacob Aron
Kicking the world’s largest machine into overdrive is turning out to
be harder than expected. Researchers at the Large Hadron Collider at
CERN, near Geneva in Switzerland, say that plans to run their physics
experiments at higher energies are likely to be delayed until next year.
The LHC was rebooted in April,
after a two-year shutdown to upgrade the machine. In the second run, it
should be able to gather physics data at energies of 13
teraelectronvolts, the highest-energy collisions of particle beams ever.
But researchers in charge of getting it up and running again, who this
week presented the first report on the LHC’s performance at a conference in Ljubljana, Slovenia, have revealed that things haven’t quite gone as planned.
“The process is slightly slower than we would have hoped,” says Paul
Collier, the LHC’s head of beams. Clouds of electrons created by ionised
gas in the beam chamber and microscopic dust particles – playfully
known as unidentified falling objects, or UFOs – are interrupting the
beams and making it harder to get the LHC running consistently.
These effects were present in the LHC’s previous run, but the higher
energies, plus efforts to produce more frequent collisions by bunching
particles in the beam closer together, make them a larger problem than
before.
Collier says the team had anticipated such potential issues, but they
have taken some time to deal with. He compares it to driving a car at
high speed: although you might be fine at 50 kilometres per hour, things
start rattling when you reach 150 kph. “Everything is much closer to
the limits of what the equipment can do, so the machine is less
forgiving,” he says.
Reboot hitch
It’s not the first problem this year: a short circuit in Marchdelayed the reboot. The team is only a few weeks behind schedule in
preparing beams for the LHC’s various experiments. But because the
quality of the beam gets better and more stable the longer it runs,
there won’t be time this year to reach peak physics. “Each stage is
vastly superior to everything that happens before it, so it’s only
towards the end of this process that you’re really mass-producing data,”
says Collier.
The researchers now expect to only reach 3 inverse femtobarns (3 fb-1) – the esoteric measurement of beam quality – this year, down from a planned 10. To put this in context, the long-sought Higgs boson was discovered after the LHC reached 12 fb-1.
But they are still on target to reach 30 fb-1 next year,
once they understand how to handle their souped-up collider. “We’re
learning an awful lot that will help us run the machine even better,”
says Collier. “I have good hopes for 2016.”
By Jacob Aron
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