LHC restart: 'Experimental' current blast fixes glitch
By Jonathan WebbScience reporter, BBC News
The short circuit delaying the
restart of the Large Hadron Collider has been fixed, after a blast of
high current melted the metal particle responsible.
It is now likely that the LHC will see beams of protons racing around its 27km circumference early next week. The
massive machine's second run, after a two-year refit, had faced a delay
of up to several weeks after the glitch was discovered ten days ago. But now only much more routine tests remain to be completed. Cern, the European organisation for nuclear research, announcedon Tuesday that Run Two of the collider was "back on track".
The short circuit was caused by a tiny piece of metal
debris, which found its way into the pipes and became lodged in the
wiring of one of the LHC's powerful electromagnets. A short
caused by dust or debris is a common enough fault, but one which could
have taken weeks to fix if the team had needed to warm the magnet up
from its operating temperature of nearly -273C (absolute zero).
'Like blowing a fuse'
The mercifully rapid repair was something of an experiment, according to the head of Cern's beams department, Dr Paul Collier. After
his team pinpointed the location of the fault - to within centimetres -
using electrical signals, they "had a number of methods to explore", Dr
Collier told BBC News. One would have been to hose down the area
with helium gas, which could be done remotely; another would have been
to open the magnet up and send in an engineer. Maybe the safest mechanism would have been to warm up the machine and
go in there and clean it out - but that would have been a very long
process," Dr Collier said. So instead they tried something new:
passing nearly 400 amps of current directly through the short circuit,
for just a few milliseconds - "in the same way you would blow a fuse". Measurements
made on Monday evening suggested the trick had worked, and this was
confirmed when high voltages were put through the circuit on Tuesday. "There's no short there now, even at high voltages," Dr Collier said, clearly pleased with the solution. "We
can't pretend this is the only fragment in the system; it could well
recur in the future. But now we've got a mechanism to deal with it
relatively quickly - much more quickly than we did this time." A
vast, subterranean "atom smasher", the LHC is famous around the world
for pushing the boundaries of physics - including the discovery of the
Higgs bosonin 2012. Its
much-anticipated reboot will slam protons together with twice as much
energy as ever before, which researchers hope will yield insights into
huge, outstanding questions like the existence of dark matterand supersymmetry. Actual
collisions will still not recommence until at least May; the first big
step is to send beams all the way around the machine's parallel pipes,
in both directions - and this is now only days away. Follow Jonathan on Twitter
The classic 60s song of the "Supremes" "I hear a Symphony" totally reconstructed from the electronica-lounge band "The 5th Galaxy Orchestra" featuring the amazing vocals of Dianna Ross from the original recording..
Visit them at Sound Cloud ~revised double take: Beautiful Tracks...
The Large Hadron Collider is being prepared for its second three-year run (Image: CERN)
The Large Hadron Collider
(LHC), the largest and most powerful particle accelerator in the world,
has started to get ready for its second three-year run. Cool down of
the vast machine has already begun in preparation for research to resume
early in 2015 following a long technical stop to prepare the machine
for running at almost double the energy of run 1. The last LHC magnet
interconnection was closed on 18 June 2014 and one sector of 1/8 of the
machine has already been cooled to operating temperature. The accelerator chain that supplies the LHC’s particle beams is currently starting up, with beam in the Proton Synchrotron accelerator last Wednesday for the first time since 2012.
"There is a new buzz about the laboratory and a real sense of
anticipation," says CERN Director General Rolf Heuer, speaking at a
press conference at the EuroScience Open Forum (link is external) (ESOF)
meeting in Copenhagen. "Much work has been carried out on the LHC over
the last 18 months or so, and it’s effectively a new machine, poised to
set us on the path to new discoveries."
Over the last 16 months, the LHC has been through a major programme
of maintenance and upgrading, along with the rest of CERN’s accelerator
complex, some elements of which have been in operation since 1959. Some
10,000 superconducting magnet interconnections were consolidated in order to prepare the LHC machine for running at its design energy.
"The machine is coming out of a long sleep after undergoing an
important surgical operation," says Frédérick Bordry, CERN’s Director
for Accelerators and Technology. "We are now going to wake it up very
carefully and go through many tests before colliding beams again early
next year. The objective for 2015 is to run the physics programme at 13
TeV."
The LHC experiments also took advantage of this long pause to upgrade their particle detectors. "The discovery of a Higgs boson
was just the beginning of the LHC’s journey," said senior CERN
physicist Fabiola Gianotti at the same press conference. "The increase
in energy opens the door to a whole new discovery potential."
The Higgs boson, first mentioned in a 1964 paper by Peter Higgs, is linked to the mechanism,
proposed the same year by Higgs and independently by Robert Brout and
François Englert, that gives mass to fundamental particles. During its
first three years, the LHC ran at a collision energy of 7 to 8 TeV
delivering particle collisions to four major experiments: ATLAS, CMS, ALICE and LHCb.
With the large amount of data provided by the LHC during this first
period, the ATLAS and CMS experiments were able to announce the
discovery of the long-sought Higgs boson on 4 July 2012, paving the way for the award of the 2013 Nobel Prize in physics to theorists François Englert and Peter Higgs.
By providing collisions at energies never reached in a particle
accelerator before, the LHC will open a new window for potential
discovery, allowing further studies on the Higgs boson and potentially
addressing unsolved mysteries such as dark matter.
The ordinary matter of which we, and everything visible in the universe
is composed, makes up just 5% of what the universe is made of. The
remainder is dark matter and energy, so the stakes for LHC run 2 are
high.